Seven items capture core features of depression including hopelessness, meaninglessness, low self-worth, anhedonia, and motivational deficits. Adapted from the DASS-Depression subscale for use in consumer research.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343.
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