This scale measures how much a donor believes a charity's aid is designed to help recipients become self-sufficient rather than simply dependent on assistance. Waites and colleagues (2023) appear to have created the measure across a large series of studies on charitable donation appeals.
7-point scale (strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (7))
Full scale items shown. Always cite the original source when using this scale in research.
Reliability ranged from good to excellent across nine studies and pretests (α = .85 to .95; Waites et al. 2023, pp. 953, 958). Formal validity testing was not reported, but the scale's use as a manipulation check across most studies, with successful manipulations, offers preliminary evidence of predictive validity.
Waites, Stacie, Adam Farmer, Jonathan Hasford, and Roman Welden (2023), "Teach a Man to Fish: The Use of Autonomous Aid in Eliciting Donations," Journal of Marketing Research, 60 (5), 950–967.
Free access to 2500+ psychometric scales at PsychScales