Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

What it measures

The most widely cited measure of global self-esteem — overall self-worth and self-acceptance. Validated across hundreds of cultures and age groups. Balanced positive and negative wording reduces acquiescence bias.

Response format

Likert (1–4, strongly agree to strongly disagree)

Representative items

• On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.
• At times, I think I am no good at all. (R)
• I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
• I am able to do things as well as most other people.
• I feel I do not have much to be proud of. (R)

Usage notes & scoring

Public domain — freely available. Sum all 10 items after reverse-scoring items 2, 5, 6, 8, 9. Range 10–40; higher = higher self-esteem. One of the most cited scales in social science (~110,000 citations).

Recommended companion scales

Citation

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.

Keywords