Measures consumers' overall image of products from a specific country across multiple dimensions. Country-of-origin (COO) effects are among the most studied phenomena in international marketing — country image acts as an extrinsic cue that influences quality perceptions, purchase intentions, and willingness to pay. Nagashima's scale established the foundational measurement approach.
Nagashima, A. (1970). A comparison of Japanese and U.S. attitudes toward foreign products. Journal of Marketing, 34(1), 68–74.
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