This scale gauges how much a person believes a crowdfunding request is framed around refining an existing product and moving it toward production, rather than exploring something new. Zhang et al. (2023) developed it alongside a companion exploration-framed measure to study how project descriptions affect backer decisions.
7-point scale (strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (7))
Full scale items shown. Always cite the original source when using this scale in research.
Reliability was acceptable in Study 3 (α = .82) but fell just under .80 in Study 2 (α = .78; Zhang et al. 2023, pp. 454-455). The scale functioned as a successful manipulation check in both studies, offering preliminary support for predictive validity, though formal validity testing was not reported. The stem should be completed with a name for the project seeking funding.
Zhang, Yufei, Thomas E. DeCarlo, Andrew S. Manikas, and Abhi Bhattacharya (2023), "To Exploit or Explore? The Impact of Crowdfunding Project Descriptions and Backers' Power States on Funding Decisions," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 51 (2), 444-462.
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