This scale gauges how much a person believes a crowdfunding request is framed around refining an existing product and moving it toward production, rather than exploring something new. Zhang et al. (2023) developed it alongside a companion exploration-framed measure to study how project descriptions affect backer decisions.
Zhang, Yufei, Thomas E. DeCarlo, Andrew S. Manikas, and Abhi Bhattacharya (2023), "To Exploit or Explore? The Impact of Crowdfunding Project Descriptions and Backers' Power States on Funding Decisions," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 51 (2), 444-462.
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