Student Approaches to Learning Scale

What it measures

Measures two fundamental approaches to learning: deep approach (intrinsic interest, relating ideas, seeking meaning and understanding) and surface approach (rote memorisation, reproducing content, meeting minimum requirements). Based on Biggs' 3P model of teaching and learning. The R-SPQ-2F is the most widely used measure of learning approaches in higher education research.

Response format

Likert (1–5, never/only rarely true of me to always/almost always true of me)

Representative items

• I find that at times studying gives me a feeling of deep personal satisfaction. (Deep)
• I find most new topics interesting and often spend extra time trying to obtain more information about them. (Deep)
• I learn some things by rote, going over and over them until I know them by heart even if I do not understand them. (Surface)
• I find I have to do enough work on a topic so that I can put together the ideas of the author myself. (Deep)
• I only study seriously what's given out in class or in the course outlines. (Surface)

Usage notes & scoring

Freely available from John Biggs. Two subscale scores. Deep approach predicts conceptual understanding and intrinsic motivation; surface approach predicts performance anxiety and strategic memorisation. Widely used in research on curriculum design, teaching methods, and assessment practices in higher education.

Recommended companion scales

Citation

Biggs, J., Kember, D., & Leung, D.Y.P. (2001). The revised two-factor Study Process Questionnaire: R-SPQ-2F. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71(1), 133–149.

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