The CES is the most comprehensive and widely used measure of consumption-specific emotional experience. Richins (1997) developed the CES through content analysis of consumption diaries, expert sorting, and large-scale psychometric validation to produce a taxonomy of emotions actually experienced during product acquisition, use, and disposal. The 16-cluster, 45-descriptor set covers the full valence x arousal x social emotion space relevant to consumer experience, including consumption-distinctive emotions (envy, romantic love, loneliness) rarely captured in general affect scales. The CES can be used as a full 45-item battery or as selected clusters most relevant to a specific consumption context. Post-consumption CES profiles predict satisfaction, repurchase intention, word-of-mouth valence, and brand attachment.
Richins, M.L. (1997). Measuring emotions in the consumption experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(2), 184–201.
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