A three-item semantic differential scale measuring the perceived spatial closeness or separation of visual elements within a logo. Items assess whether elements appear huddled together vs spread apart, stuck vs free, and without space vs with lots of space between them.
Gupta, Tanvi and Henrik Hagtvedt (2021). Safe together, vulnerable apart: How interstitial space in text logos impacts brand attitudes in tight versus loose cultures. Journal of Consumer Research, 48(3), 474–491.
Free access to 2023+ psychometric scales at PsychScales