Maximization Scale
MAXAn individual difference in the tendency to seek the best possible outcome rather than a satisficing (good enough) outcome when making decisions. Maximisers engage in extensive alternative search, experience difficulty making decisions, and hold high standards for outcomes. Contrasted with satisficers, who accept options that meet an acceptable threshold.
13 items
2002
α 0.54–0.75
Free
Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K. & Lehman, D.R.
What it measures
The original Schwartz et al. (2002) 13-item Maximization Scale measures three dimensions of maximising behaviour — the tendency to seek out alternatives even when satisfied, difficulty committing to decisions, and maintaining exceptionally high standards. Maximisation scores are associated with more regret, lower happiness, greater depression, and heightened sensitivity to social comparison information. Nenkov et al. (2008) demonstrate that a 6-item short form (2 items per dimension) outperforms the 13-item version in fit and reliability and is recommended for future use. An accompanying 5-item Regret Scale is also provided in the original paper.
Representative items
- When I watch TV, I channel surf, often scanning through available options even while attempting to watch one program. (Alternative Search)
- I often find it difficult to shop for a gift for a friend. (Decision Difficulty)*
- No matter what I do, I have the highest standards for myself. (High Standards)*
- I never settle for second best. (High Standards)*
- No matter how satisfied I am with my job, it's only right for me to be on the lookout for better opportunities. (Alternative Search)*
Citation
Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., & Lehman, D.R. (2002). Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1178–1197.