Assesses how much a person feels their personal space would be infringed upon if they were in a depicted physical environment. Items are phrased hypothetically, making them suitable for image-based or scenario-based research. Can be adapted slightly for use when respondents are actually present in the environment being rated.
Puzakova, M., & Kwak, H. (2017). Should anthropomorphized brands engage customers? The impact of social crowding on brand preferences. Journal of Marketing, 81(6), 99–115.
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