Three unipolar items measure the degree to which a company is perceived as incompetent, ineffective, and inefficient — reflecting low agentic orientation. Yang and Aggarwal (2019) used the scale in Study 2a and a pretest as part of a five-factor EFA that also assessed high and low communion, high agency, and power. Item inspiration came from Abele and Bruckmüller's (2011) work on agency and communion.
Yang, L. W., & Aggarwal, P. (2019). No small matter: How company size affects consumer expectations and evaluations. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(6), 1369–1384.
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