Three items measure the degree to which a person experiences a sense of internal void or psychological hollowness, likely stemming from a lack of meaning or social belonging. Used repeatedly as a manipulation check in studies examining how social exclusion shapes preferences for visually dense stimuli.
Su, L., Wan, E. W., & Jiang, Y. (2019). Filling an empty self: The impact of social exclusion on consumer preference for visual density. Journal of Consumer Research, 46(4), 808–824.
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