Measures chronic regulatory focus — the stable tendency to approach goals through either a promotion focus (pursuing aspirations, gains, and ideals) or a prevention focus (avoiding losses, fulfilling obligations, and meeting duties). Regulatory focus theory is one of the most influential frameworks in consumer psychology, predicting responses to message framing, advertising appeals, product preferences, and decision strategies.
Higgins, E.T., Friedman, R.S., Harlow, R.E., Idson, L.C., Ayduk, O.N., & Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 3–23.
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