Resources Needed to Join the Group (Non-monetary)

What it measures

Time and effort, not money — four items measure the non-financial cost of joining a group.

Response Format

7-point Likert (1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree)

Representative items

• effort
• time
• energy
• work

Citation

Harmeling, C.M., Mende, M., Scott, M.L., & Palmatier, R.W. (2021). Marketing, Through the Eyes of the Stigmatized. Journal of Marketing Research, 58(2), 223–245.

Keywords