A four-item scale assessing the extent to which a consumer views themselves as sophisticated and actively seeks out products that reflect refinement. The scale blends self-description with behavioural tendency, capturing both identity and consumption patterns related to sophistication.
Summers, C. A., Smith, R. W., & Reczek, R. W. (2016). An audience of one: Behaviorally targeted ads as implied social labels. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(1), 156–178.
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