An eight-item state measure designed to assess the intensity of negative emotional experience at a specific point in time. Items tap a range of negative affective states including anger, fear, distress, and disgust, making the scale sensitive to both high-arousal and low-arousal negative emotions. Originally drawn from the PANAS tradition and adapted for use across multiple time points within a single experimental session, the scale is well-suited to designs examining emotional trajectories during service encounters.
Du, Jiangang, Xiucheng Fan, and Tianjun Feng (2011). Multiple emotional contagions in service encounters. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(3), 449–466.
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