Five items measure how much effort, hard work, thought, and personal sacrifice an entity (typically a company, but also applicable to individuals) is perceived to have invested in a donation. The authors originally expected effort and sacrifice to form separate constructs, but factor analyses across several studies supported a single combined factor.
Gershon, R., & Cryder, C. (2018). Goods donations increase charitable credit for low-warmth donors. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(2), 451–469.
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