Three nine-point Likert-type items assess the degree to which a product or service is perceived as physically present and accessible through human senses. Items tap ease of seeing and touching, physical graspability, and physical tangibility. The scale can also be reverse-scored to measure intangibility, as done by Laroche et al. (2005). It has been used in both offline and online retail contexts.
Laroche, M., Yang, Z., McDougall, G. H. G., & Bergeron, J. (2005). Internet versus bricks-and-mortar retailers: An investigation into intangibility and its consequences. Journal of Retailing, 81(4), 251–267.
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