Measures the degree to which a consumer perceives a product to be designed for effective functional performance, specifically how well it appears capable of doing what it is intended to do. The scale captures inferences about a product's utility and competence based solely on its appearance.
Homburg, C., Schwemmle, M., & Kuehnl, C. (2015). New product design: Concept, measurement, and consequences. Journal of Marketing, 79(3), 41-56.
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