The scale measures individual-level preference for clear rules and procedures to reduce ambiguity, one of five established dimensions of cultural values adapted from Hofstede's cross-cultural framework.
7-point Likert (1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree)
Full scale items shown. Always cite the original source when using this scale in research.
Song, Jung, and Zhang (2021) used this scale exactly as originally developed and validated by Yoo, Donthu, and Lenartowicz (2011), who created it (along with four companion scales) to measure Hofstede's five cultural-value dimensions at the individual level, with evidence of psychometric quality across several countries. Used with a large MTurk sample (n = 453). Reliability was good (α = .88). Validity wasn't separately addressed by Song et al.
Song, Xiaobing, Jihye Jung, and Yinlong Zhang (2021), "Consumers’ Preference for User-Designed Versus Designer-Designed Products: The Moderating Role of Power Distance Belief," Journal of Marketing Research, 58 (1), 163–181.
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