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Transformative Travel Experience Scale

TTESThe process and outcomes of the transformative travel experience, capturing the emotional, reflective, and attitudinal changes that occur when travelers encounter a disorienting dilemma, engage in self-examination, and develop new worldviews and beliefs as a result of travel.

24 items 2021 α Local Residents and Culture: alpha = .93; Self-Assurance: alpha = .85; Disorienting Dilemma: alpha = .90; Joy: alpha = .90 (CFA, n = 400) Free Soulard, J., McGehee, N., & Knollenberg, W.

What it measures

The TTES measures both the process and outcomes of transformative travel, grounded in Mezirow's transformative learning theory and the conceptual model of Wolf, Ainsworth, and Crowley (2017). The scale captures four dimensions: Local Residents and Culture reflects travelers' critical reflection on their interactions with and attitudes toward local people and cultures; Self-Assurance captures post-trip feelings of personal growth, confidence, and empowerment; Disorienting Dilemma measures the emotional disorientation and reverse culture shock experienced primarily after returning home; and Joy captures the positive emotions felt during immersion at the destination. Developed using an 11-step procedure combining DeVellis (2016) and Podsakoff, MacKenzie, and Podsakoff (2016), with pilot study (n = 242), EFA (n = 402), and CFA (n = 400) samples drawn from Amazon Mechanical Turk.

Citation

Soulard, J., McGehee, N., & Knollenberg, W. (2021). Developing and testing the Transformative Travel Experience Scale (TTES). Journal of Travel Research, 60(5), 923–946.

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