A three-item scale measuring how cramped and spatially restricted a shopper perceives a store to be, based on the arrangement of shelves and counters rather than the density of other shoppers. Albrecht et al. (2017) developed it drawing on spatial crowding subscales from Machleit, Kellaris, and Eroglu (1994).
Albrecht, C.-M., Hattula, S., & Lehmann, D. R. (2017). The relationship between consumer shopping stress and purchase abandonment in task-oriented and recreation-oriented consumers. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45(5), 720–740.
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