Destination Image & Place Attachment Scales

16 validated scales · all free to use

Scales for measuring how tourists and residents perceive destinations and how attached they become to places. The domain includes the Destination Image Scale (covering cognitive and affective image), the Place Attachment Scale with its place identity and place dependence dimensions, destination personality, destination authenticity, destination familiarity and self-congruity with a destination. Outcome measures include destination satisfaction, destination loyalty and revisit intention, and the Tourism Impact Attitude Scale captures resident perspectives on tourism development. These instruments are central to destination branding and DMO research and to studies of repeat visitation and community attitudes.

Other Tourism domains

All Destination Image & Place Attachment scales (A–Z)

• Destination Attachment Scale (DAS-Yuk)Yuksel, A., Yuksel, F. & Bilim, Y. · 2010 · 12 items · α 0.78–0.88
• Destination Authenticity Scale (DAS-A)Wang, N. · 1999 · 12 items · α 0.80–0.90
• Destination Brand Equity Scale (DBE)Pike, S., Bianchi, C., Kerr, G., & Patti, C. · 2010 · 16 items · α 0.78–0.93
• Destination Familiarity Scale (DFS)Baloglu, S. · 2001 · 6 items · α 0.76–0.87
• Destination Image Scale (DIS)Baloglu, S. & McCleary, K.W. · 1999 · 15 items · α 0.77–0.92
• Destination Loyalty Scale (DLS)Yoon, Y. & Uysal, M. · 2005 · 8 items · α 0.83–0.92
• Destination Personality Scale (DPS-Dest)Ekinci, Y. & Hosany, S. · 2006 · 10 items · α 0.78–0.89
• Destination Satisfaction Scale (DSS)Kozak, M. & Rimmington, M. · 2000 · 6 items · α 0.85–0.94

• Place AttachmentStyvén, M.E., Mariani, M.M., & Strandberg, C. · 2020 · 4 items · α 0.92
• Place Attachment - Physical Scale (PLATTPHYS)Brocato, E.D., Baker, J., & Voorhees, C.M. · 2015 · 4 items · α 0.95
• Place Attachment - Social Scale (PLATTSOC)Brocato, E.D., Baker, J., & Voorhees, C.M. · 2015 · 4 items · α 0.98
• Place Attachment Scale (PAS)Williams, D.R. & Vaske, J.J. · 2003 · 12 items · α 0.82–0.95
• Place Distinction Scale (PLDIST)Brocato, E.D., Baker, J., & Voorhees, C.M. · 2015 · 4 items · α 0.91
• Place Nostalgia Scale (PLNOST)Brocato, E.D., Baker, J., & Voorhees, C.M. · 2015 · 4 items · α 0.95

• Self-Congruity with Destination Scale (SCDS)Sirgy, M.J. & Su, C. · 2000 · 4 items · α 0.81–0.90

• Tourism Impact Attitude Scale (TIAS)Lankford, S.V. & Howard, D.R. · 1994 · 27 items · α 0.74–0.83